Generational Shifts and the Jupiter-Saturn Mutation

by J. Lee Lehman, Ph.D

“Baby Boomers are creatures of the earth cycle. Millennials are creatures of air. Gen X-ers are transitional, being born of earth, but growing up in air”. As the next Jupiter-Saturn conjunction (21 December 2020) marks an elemental shift (or mutation) from earth to air, what awaits the world next based on past mutations?

Generational shifts are a natural part of human existence. Each person who lives a full life grows through dependency to a certain level of autonomy and then to a state of diminished capability, followed by death. This process can be interrupted by personal or collective tragedy, but the overall pattern serves to allow generations further along in their learning curve to teach the younger generations and transmit their knowledge before passing beyond. All societies have ritualised this process in many ways, but even the massive changes in industrialised and mechanised inventions have not yet destroyed this basic pattern.

If we are to study these patterns, we need to use cycles longer than the usual yearly processes we apply to our clients or to the politics of the year ahead.

Traditionally, the major method used for longer forecasts was the Jupiter-Saturn cycle. With conjunctions approximately every 20 years, this represented a rather longish generation cycle to a society where people were married and reproducing by their early teens. A 20-year cycle was long enough to denote changing experience and short enough that a substantial population would live long enough to experience more than one cycle.

Nowadays, the tendency of astrologers is to see generations through the lens of Pluto’s sign changes. But while this has a satisfaction to it, the sign ingresses do not correspond to the generation boundaries assigned by secular society. Furthermore, the different length of Pluto’s transit through each of the signs also adds complications. That said, there isn’t much evidence that generations before the Baby Boomers were sufficiently self-involved to give themselves permanent names.

But since 1980, we astrologers face a sea change not observed since the early 19th century: a mutation of the Jupiter-Saturn cycle. The Arabic astrologer Abū Ma’šar (787-886), writing about an earlier mutation time, had defined it. Astrologers observed that Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions would occur sequentially in the same element, advancing by roughly two trines each successive conjunction. The actual variation can easily range from 225–258º, but because the advance isn’t precisely 240°, the conjunction will slip into another element over time. This slippage is called a mutation. Four slippages take the sequence from fire, to earth, to air, and then to water – and then back to fire. The return to fire marks a ‘great conjunction’. Abū Ma’šar believed that this process took 960 years, with each element getting 240 years. But it was never neatly divisible by twelve. Retrogrades and elliptical orbits meant that the original estimation of 240 years per mutation was significantly wrong.

Viewing Table 1-1, the last of these conjunctions occurred in 1603. There were quite a few well-known astrologers practising then: and they did consider this conjunction to be a ‘great mutation’.

Abū Ma’šar discussed the importance of the element of the conjunctions in detail in his work, On the Great Conjunctions. He specifies that the sign within each element that is furthest in zodiacal order from Aries is strongest: thus, Sagittarius is the strongest fire sign, and the same for Pisces, Aquarius, and Capricorn in their respective elements. This idea of the relative strength of the three signs within an element is also applied in medical astrology.

Abū Ma’šar was clear in stating that the Jupiter-Saturn cycle concerned beginnings, because this combination brings order. The magnitude of the beginning depends on the length of the sequence. Thus, a great mutation could represent the advent of a new religion; a mutation could represent a new dynasty; and a single Jupiter-Saturn conjunction could mean a new reign. But these are theoretical constructs because it was known that not all reigns literally began every 20 years.

And yet…a new conjunction, at the very least, represented a new set of conditions, even if it didn’t literally mean a new king coming to the throne. And as for a mutation? That turns out to be a little complicated. In all cases since the beginning of the modern era, whenever there is a shift into a new mutation, it is followed by a reversal into the ‘old’ element, before the sequence fully establishes itself in the new element. For example, in 1603, the first conjunction in fire at 8º Sagittarius was followed in 1623 by a conjunction at 6º Leo, but then in 1643, there was a conjunction at 25º Pisces. The fire sequence then reestablished itself in 1663 at 12º Sagittarius.

Notice that the conjunction at 25º Pisces fell just short of Aries. This conversion from water to fire took place during the time of William Lilly and the other great 17th-century astrologers. And this period featured a new dynasty for sure. Dominating the end of the water element in England was the long reign of Elizabeth I (the reign: 1558-1603), when the English navy achieved a level of world domination on the seas. The last of the Tudor monarchs, she was succeeded by James I (reigned 1603-1625), the first of the Stuart kings of England. Elizabeth’s death perfectly marked the end of an era, and the reign of the new dynasty of James I closely followed the first fire conjunction.

The reign of his son Charles II (1625-1649) corresponded to the second conjunction: this time at 6º Leo. That conjunction was opposite the Mercury-Sun conjunction for the chart for the beginning of the House of Commons in Parliament: precisely the ‘problem’ that Charles I had: his bad relationship with Parliament resulted  in the English Civil War which he lost so badly that he was executed. The brief English Republic which resulted lasted from 1649 to 1660 – when England returned to being a monarchy under Charles II, and the fire period had firmly established itself – while also instilling in European monarchs a taste for both conservatism and absolutism.

With so many fine astrologers populating both sides of the English Civil War, there was great contemporary discussion of these matters as it was unfolding. We have from this period (but not from Abū Ma’šar) the observation that this sequence of mutation followed by return to the old element represented a fundamental temporary incursion of something odd or erratic. Thus Richard Edlyn, who wrote a book on the Jupiter-Saturn conjunction during this period of instability and upheaval, called this incursion into Pisces “the Retrogression of the Conjunction”.(1)

Every mutation, great or otherwise, shares this aura of change. Beginnings, to use Abū Ma’šar’s word, also entail endings. And as a social and political process, change is always accompanied by a drag, as people who adhere to or benefit from the old regime resist the new one. And so, we can observe this process with the next mutation, when the Jupiter-Saturn moved from fire into earth.

The era of the fire mutation included the Industrial Revolution which resulted in a massive increase in the utilisation of power. This period was also called the Age of Enlightenment, a time when reason was extolled, like the earlier fire mutation in 769 featured the Arabic translations of Greek science at the House of Wisdom. But even during a period when secularisation spread, on a political front, the absolutism of kings was celebrated. However, the waning days of the fire period included the American and French Revolutions – reactions to this concentration of power. This struggle between people and monarch reached its apex with Napoleon who began as a revolutionary (1793) and ended as an emperor (1804). His death in 1821 marked the year of the Jupiter-Saturn retrogression back into fire. Then, as the earth element reasserted itself, massive public works – dams, canals, water systems, transportation infrastructure, utilities – transformed the landscape. These years are shown in Table 1-2.

The first air conjunction occurred in 1980. Contemporary American astrologers were most struck by the fact that President Reagan, while attacked, was the first president not to die in office when associated with the years of the Jupiter-Saturn conjunction: a subject which I have covered in another article. The breaking of the so-called Tecumseh's Curse was the first indication that circumstances had changed. Having examined the series of Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions for Washington DC, I am less convinced of a curse than a really hideous series of charts from the standpoint of the 10th house, which represents the president.

Other facets of Reagan’s tenure, as well as the parallel Thatcher government, were far more important for defining the change into air – and many of these were barely noticed at the time. These trends accelerated as computer power increased because much of this air revolution has been driven by expanded computer processing which allows the management of ever larger populations of people, products and logistics. Among those issues were:

• The conversion of the USA to a ‘service economy’.
• The transformation of business practices by ‘objective’ forms of computer-aided analysis of business trends, consumer purchasing and statistical modelling.
• The breaking of trade unionism in the USA and the erosion in the power of unions elsewhere.
• The shift to standardised testing and unified professional credentials that are based on testing and other objective measures, rather than personal distinction.
• The shift to depersonalised customer service.
• The massive increase of computer power, along with massive data collection which included specialised customer information.
• The erosion of privacy, both through direct surveillance and through computerised tracking, strikingly combined with the development of anonymous trolling.
• The cross-sectioning of data which allowed sophisticated classification of people into subcategories.
• The simultaneous erosion of personal worth and the celebration of consumer diversity.
• The shift toward the value of robotics in manufacture, coupled with the realisation that humans are needed to consume, not to produce.

However, consider the primary rulership of the air element, Mercury and Saturn, who not only rule two of the three signs, but also the day and night triplicities. Mercury is the planet of youth while Saturn is the planet of age. Many of these changes result in individuals being seen less as individuals and more as data points or commodities – a viewpoint which would seem extremely compatible with these two planets.

Why did I not include Venus since she rules Libra? First, only Libra has a strong Venus rulership: she has no strength in either Gemini or Aquarius. Secondly, the air element is diurnal whereas Venus is nocturnal. She isn’t comfortable here, except for her domicile rulership sign.

The financial tendencies of the earth period of Jupiter-Saturn included the development of a number to represent work: work could still be seen through the equation of time and wages, or time and productivity. Assets were still physical, tangible, and definable. In the post-Reagan era, the development of such instruments as derivatives and the spreading of risk produced far more wealth than tangible productivity ever could – and this new wealth rapidly flowed upward.

This is a good example of the kind of beginning and end process so characteristic of a mutation. Work shifted from making (earth) to manipulating (air). The very word ‘manipulate’ refers to the hands, ruled by Gemini. New ideas transform old concepts – with respect to money, this is faster movement (air!) through networks (air). Those who can create within the air world are rewarded, as the old industrial jobs have either disappeared or been downgraded in pay scale.

Earth views the purpose of life through work. Work may produce the food we need or the everyday things that we use. When we consume, we consume things, whether clothes, shoes, food, or cell phones. Work itself is an honoured state.

By contrast, air is almost non-material. It’s hard to envision the attraction of money as cryptocurrency in an earth era, but easy to see the concept in an air era. Air moves things around through the wind. Air circulates. It can be calm or stormy, but it suggests motion.

Air includes speech and language which is how we communicate. Earth is cold and thus not so eager to talk about nonfunctional things; air is hot, and so ready to talk about nearly everything. Earth is dry, and thus wanting clear criteria and definitions; air is wet and thus open to sliding scales and evolving goals. The fact that both of the Aristotelian qualities of cold and dry going to hot and wet change in this mutation means that this is one of the two mutational shifts which are truly major in scope: the other is the transition from water (cold and wet) to fire (hot and dry).

Oh, and yes – air also rules that which circulates through air. That means flight, at-a-distance communication, weather – but also airborne disease. The latter becomes a much more critical concern in an era when antibiotics have almost ceased to function medically.

To test my thinking, I asked several successful businesspeople who happen to have high air counts in their charts to predict the next 30 to 40 years, indicating what they see as the greatest challenges of the period. These are non-astrologers, which was precisely my design: I did not want them thinking in our language. The lists were actually highly overlapping: the effects of climate change; migration; the impact of a reduced population on economic factors that assume growth, like pensions and insurance;  and the impact of robotics on the workforce, especially as this will result in a breakdown of family structure if/when ‘working’ becomes reduced or obsolete. Yet another idea that was mentioned was the probability of the collapse of real estate prices – and that would certainly indicate the lesser value placed upon earth.

Now, let’s examine these ideas individually, because each of them contains a substantial air component.

Climate change 

Climate change did not mysteriously appear in 1980. Actually, at that time, much of the ecological community expected that the effect of burning so much fossil fuel would reduce the global temperature, because burning also produces soot and air pollution which would reduce the amount of the Sun’s energy reaching Earth. Notice that we are actually talking here about an earth-to-air shift: a colder Earth is more earth-like, i.e., cold. A hotter Earth is more air-like, i.e., warm. But also, changes to weather involve a substantial air component and of course the larger storms mean more air circulation!

Population growth and decline

It remains astounding to me that, in all the discussion of climate change, the net increase in global population has been virtually ignored. But it’s obvious: the more people, the more resource utilisation. Earth is tactile. And even if the spiritual in us manages to think of the body as a piece of meat, the physicality of earth is the vehicle of the soul. Part of that physicality is reproduction.

In an era of high resource utilisation, each human being puts much more strain on the environment. And each human being potentially puts much more strain on other people, as we jostle each other for space, resources and carbon footprint.

The second half of the earth period marked a great technological leap forward, beginning around 1890. After this gigantic increase, followed closely by a population explosion, both technological innovation and population growth rates had begun to slow, by fits and starts, in the 1970s. While the total population probably won’t peak until mid-century, the old ‘industrialised’ zone has already shifted to negative population growth – and this will impact programs such as retirement and insurance. These were government or corporate programs designed as ‘pay as you go’, a lazy way to be able to offer instant benefits without any real pay-in by the future recipients. Those in charge thought they could get away with this because of population growth; as population growth slowed, this instantaneous gratification of the first beneficiaries began to strangle subsequent payers, with the result that many economists decried the inevitable population declines, and pretended that rapid growth was normal.

But make no mistake: air will ‘solve’ the problem. As a rational solution, and not an emotional one, the simplest equation is this: right now, the Baby Boomers have just passed the baton to the Millennials as the largest generation – but Boomers are still more likely to vote. When the Millennials become the largest voting block, then the only argument countering cancelling or severely curtailing programs such as Social Security will be that it would cost more to pay for the impoverishment of a significant number of Boomers. At the turning point in that equation, the laws may change significantly, unless Gen X chooses to ally itself with their immediate elders.

But there is a second side to this population equation, for the rather simple reason that seniors are not reproducing and so are not adding to the population. We already have seen that population growth rates dropped substantially in the late earth period. With the increased awareness on infectious disease thanks to covid-19, one of the so far unconsidered possibilities is a still greater decline in fertility because it has been known for a long time that fever can affect sperm. Generally, these changes only affect sperm production for several months, but this can last for longer periods as well.(2)

We are already seeing these kinds of generational fissures which appear to be greater than usual. Boomers are creatures of the earth cycle. Millennials are creatures of air. Gen X-ers are transitional, being born of earth, but growing up in air.

Immigration and its consequences

Wind spreads seeds. From prehistoric times, individuals have left their family homes, whether for food, mates or better conditions. Local tragedies, whether weather, plagues, resource problems or war can result in mass migrations. Thus, immigration is entwined with the other messes left for the air period: climate change and overpopulation.

However, immigration leaves its own twists. When groups of people from the same geographical area migrate together, most studies indicate that full integration into the new society takes multiple generations. That said, when there is no religious or racial change from the old place to the new, the process is much speedier. But most of the immigration over the past 20 years has been with significant differences and this has produced tensions on both sides.

So. which is going to be better at integration – earth or air? In the USA, at least, the drag on immigration appears to be coming from the Boomers, more than the younger generations. How did earth view immigration? Through resources. If you think about reasons for immigration into the USA, the drive during the fire period was for religious, philosophical as well as economic reasons; the long span in earth marked many nationalities looking for a better life. Air migrations are occurring for many of the same old reasons of famine and war – and really, climate change is not entirely new. However, we can expect climate-driven immigration to increase significantly.

Robotics and family structure

Cast back to 1980. Mainframes were the most significant components of computing, followed by minicomputers. The internet existed, but in a much more primitive form in this era before graphics. Even so, in science fiction and universities, people began to realise that computing power was scarcely harnessed. And at the same time, robots were recognised as a source of future workers. The value of robotics is repetitive motion perfectly executed each time 365/24/7.

However, consider the possibilities of an air period instead of an earth one. With earth, there is a focus on work as an end in itself. But not so in air. The transition into air marked the appearance of financial systems based completely on air: derivatives, margins and all sorts of instruments which began with ‘real’ wealth and then multiplied the value by selling shares in the profit. Wealth became even more separated from bullion than ever before.

So, if wealth is no longer based on real property, what then is work? The air mutation allowed a re-thinking of this fundamental concept of work where labor could be re-envisioned as more productive by robots. If robots worked, then what would humans do? Enter the ‘service economy’.

The economist Robert J. Gordon outlined a very pertinent phenomenon: that the economic growth rate has changed considerably since 1890. But as Gordon notes, there was virtually no consistent economic growth until 1770; then there was slow growth until 1870; then in about 1970 the economic growth rate slowed down markedly where it has remained. His book documents how these changes in growth are largely a result of technological change.(3)

But Gordon’s numbers don’t correspond to what we contemporaries may think happened. This he explains – because the growth since has basically been in a very small number of industrial sectors: computing and personal entertainment. I might add that there now appears to be at least a boomlet relating to the conversion to sustainable consumption and adaptations to climate change. Technology is a handmaiden of earth. Earth is always happy to have a better way to do something. But air? There is no need for a material foundation. Matter is merely a starting point, not the skeleton for everything that happens.

Switzerland has begun to debate a minimum guaranteed income: and this could become a major theme for the air mutation. If robots work quicker, more efficiently and more cheaply than humans, then why not let humans just consume? As Gordon notes, it is the entertainment industry that still innovates in the air period: and music or video is just another data stream – another air concept.

As the earth period was coming to an end, there should be no surprise that there was a mad dash to maximise earth-based profits. In the recession of 2008, massive transfers of wealth and real estate occurred because the recession itself was associated in the early phase with a real estate crash which was much more severe than the effect on equities which were mostly owned by the upper class. So, a real wealth transfer of about 30% occurred. This was earth-based wealth. In one sense, this was the point where the two types really diverged: but other economists noted that the loss to the middleclass actually started in the 1970s – before the earth period ended. Thus, we see that the end of the earth period showed a run-up of wealth at the top in both the wealth of the old period and the wealth of the new.

One quite valid interpretation of a mutation is that its elemental shift is like a generational transition on steroids. It has become quite trite to talk about the different generations and their priorities, but part of how elemental transitions occur is through the collective loss of memory of the older era.

Everyone born in the 20th century until 1980 came into the world of Jupiter-Saturn in earth, and then it changed. Our past history of examining these transitional periods – the retrogression – tells us that the period from 1980–2020 is a wild ride. But how we are affected by this depends in part on our age, which is shown in Table 1-4.

How old do you have to be to remember an era clearly? As a child, the conditions into which you are born simply are ‘what is’. To talk of the beginning or end of an era implies a sense that there are obvious differences to periods of time. A Jupiter-Saturn elemental period, by definition, lasts longer than a human life. But when the transitions can last 40 years or more, life at the edge of change assumes an intensity that is worth a study by itself, especially since that is where we are right now.

By our astrological reckoning, the air mutation began in 1980. Using our Table 1-4, people born in the 1950s or earlier can still clearly remember time ‘before’. People born after 1970 either were not alive or were young enough to probably not have had enough life experience then to compare old and new. This translates to roughly 65% of the US population being too young to remember the earth mutation, depending on exactly what age to choose as the cut-off point. And this is before the retrogression is completed! Considering the radically different life expectancy in the past, it would be fairly safe to say that the presence of a retrogression guaranteed almost a complete discontinuity of people in the retrogression being able to ‘operate’ the old element in the way that people had been accustomed to it when it was normative.

This may explain a huge piece of the interpretation of the retrogression. If we presume that each mutation provides a ‘new’ challenge of the nature of the incoming element, then its initial appearance results in the sensation that ‘things have changed’. And then the old element comes back, and the people confronted with it mostly have no experience with it anymore. The retrogression lacks that newness feel that the mutation had. However, the people who have been fighting the changes of circumstance get the sense that they were right after all – and that things are actually snapping back to ‘normal’.

Every attempt that we try at newness also means that some will embrace the change, while others won’t. A 20-year period will erase many of the dissidents – at least, until now. Those who really don’t like the change, but who survive until the retrogression may then experience more than the usual amount of generational nostalgia, believing that things are returning to ‘normal’. Meanwhile, those who embraced the change will be confused by what seems like a repudiation of the last 20 years.

Consider some of these themes as they are playing out in the United States since 1980. But what actually changed in 1980? The answer cannot be simply the dominant party because actually there were more Republican presidents during the earth period than Democrats, once the Republican Party was founded. There had been several paradigm shifts during the earth period. To try to extract the air shift, we need to remember that this is a shift from cold and dry (earth) to hot and wet (air) – a complete change in quality. This is a change from the material to the theoretical.

The US economy had already experienced one major shift in the earth period: from agricultural to manufacturing. Manufacturing employment as a percentage of the population peaked in 1977-1979 (just in time for the mutation) at about 22%; today it is less than 9%. Meanwhile, health care jobs are currently the largest sector, and retail jobs have also grown in the period in which manufacturing has declined.(4) Thus, quietly, we have become the ‘service economy’ Reagan promulgated. One notable shift: manufacturing jobs pay better, and for much of that time, manufacturing jobs paid enough better that a single wage earner per family was enough.

What got the headline in 2000 with the retrogression was the crash of tech stocks: true enough, but hardly the full story. What had happened since 1980 was the massive growth of computing resources, which revolutionised smaller businesses and the use of computers became ubiquitous. Combined with the growth of the internet, and the development of financial derivatives, air-driven systems challenged earth-based systems as generators of wealth. The real crash came in 2008 with Pluto’s ingress into Capricorn, not through the Jupiter-Saturn cycle: but the Jupiter-Saturn had never been described as being of the nature of wealth.

Meanwhile, a portion of Americans continued to yearn for what they saw as the real Lost America: that world of high-paying manufacturing jobs: that land of the earth-based period. The service economy brought circumstances where wages were often lower – and in the future, robotics raise the question of whether high paying manufacturing jobs would ever materialise again. (And is ‘materialise’ a word for the earth series anyway?) Whatever the politicians say, we are not going back to the earth period.

Mutation and the nostalgic yearnings

Nostalgia is a powerful component of a mutation/retrogression combination. During the first conjunction of the mutation, there is an accurate sensation that things have changed – and thus some will yearn for the old ways. At the retrogression, the yearning can combine with the mirage that the past way truly can be recaptured, leading to the belief that the new genie really can be put back into the bottle. But in reality, time has moved on. The retrogression thus becomes a shadow-play of the old values, an uprooted pantomime, an illustration of the adage about how you can’t really go home again. It evaporates – but it takes 20 years to do it, which is plenty of time to shipwreck many people’s dreams as well as to create a bigger mess that the newer system has to clean up.

On the positive side, there is the hope that the resurgence of the new element after a retrogression will create a new consensus or unity – at least for a while. By this stage, the advocates of the old ways are largely retiring. But the kind of clinging that is currently obvious in the number of senior citizens running for president in the USA also shows both the tenacity and the fear of the pre-mutational mindset. At most, they can stem the tide for a few years – but they may feel bound to try.

We can perhaps hope for some healing of our current societal fragmentation – which itself is diagnostic of a mutational time. Whether this can occur without yet another crisis remains to be seen.

And astrologically, we should begin to be able to sort out the many mysteries of the sign Aquarius. With the next Jupiter-Saturn there, followed a few years later by Pluto in the same sign, we will be in a better position to decide whether we are seeing the day sign of Saturn – or the Age of Aquarius. Time really does flow as does the sequence of the elements: fire, earth, air, water.

Endnotes:
1. Edlyn, Richard. Prae-Nuncius Sydereus an Astrological Treatise of the Effects of the Great Conjunction of the Two Superiour Planets, Saturn & Jupiter, October the Xth, 1663, and Other Configurations Concomitant : Wherein the Fate of Europe for These next Twenty Years Is (from the Most Rational Grounds of Art) More than Probably Conjectured, and the Success of the Present Design of the Turk against Christendome Occasionally Hinted At. London: Printed by, 1664.
2. Wiwanitkit, Viroj. ‘Influenza, Swine Flu, Sperm Quality and Infertility: A Story’. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 3, no. 2 (2010): 116–17. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.69339.
3. Gordon, Robert J. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. ‘Percent of Employment in Manufacturing in the United States (DISCONTINUED)’. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 1 January 1970. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USAPEFANA.

Image sources:
Symbols of Saturn, Jupiter, Aquarius: Image by Peter Lomas from Pixabay
Abu Maʹshar portrayed by Nikolaus Lilienfeld on an astronomical clock in Stralsund, Germany. Martin Kraft, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
Elizabeth I: National Portrait Gallery, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Bitcoin: Image by VIN JD from Pixabay
Computer/Networking: Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

Published by: The Astrological Journal, Nov/Dec 2020

Author:
Triple Virgo J. Lee Lehman holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Rutgers University in Botany. Her astrological interests have included new asteroids, historical methods, heliocentric astrology, horary and homosexuality. Among her many published books are The Ultimate Asteroid Book (1988), Essential Dignities (1989), The Book of Rulerships (1992), Classical Astrology for Modern Living (1996), Traditional Medical Astrology (2011), Classical Solar Returns (2012), The Magic of Electional Astrology (2014) and Learning Classical Horary Astrology: Notes & Workbook (2017). She was the recipient of the 1995 Marc Edmund Jones Award, the first horary astrologer so honoured. She has been Research Director of the National Council for Geocosmic Research and involved with the United Astrology Congress. She won the Regulus Award for education in 2008. She is currently a tutor for the School of Traditional Astrology. For information on her astrology courses visit her website: leelehman.com/.

© J. Lee Lehman, 2020

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